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EDITORIAL
On behalf of the Editor may I
welcome you to this first edition of the Transport newsletter which will be issued twice
yearly under commission from the Overseas Development Administration (ODA). The newsletter
is edited and published by the Overseas Centre of the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL Limited)
and replaces the previous TRL Limited Overseas Newsletter which many of you have been receiving
regularly. The objective of the newsletter is to cover all transport activities under
ODA's Technology Development and Research (TDR) programme as well as interesting transport
related projects funded elsewhere. Other newsletters are being issued to cover Water and
Sanitation, Urbanisation, Energy Efficiency, and Geoscience.
The road network and the transport
system in every country is vital for development, both social and commercial. In planning,
designing and constructing road networks, a broad range of professionals are called upon.
This is not restricted to other disciplines in the engineering sector such as hydrologists
and geoscientists, but includes sociologists, environmentalists, economists and many
others.
The ODA sees this multidisciplinary
approach to transport projects, and indeed development projects in general, as essential
in order to promote longer term sustainability. It is planned that the multidisciplinary
nature of the development process will be illustrated in the newsletter by the frequent
inclusion of articles from the other professional groups in order to highlight the
holistic aspects of development and the synergies between the disciplines. Thus Transport
differs from the previous TRL Limited newsletter in a number of ways. It is intended to give all
readers a broader view of ODA's activities in the transport field and a perspective on how
this fits in with the activities of all aid agencies. I hope you will like the new
informative and illustrative style, and please write to the Editor with your ideas and
comments for future editions.
J Hodges
Chief Engineering Advisor
ODA
Any views expressed are those of
the Editor and the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the ODA.
THEME
OBJECTIVES
One of the purposes/aims of the
newsletter is to describe the ODA TDR projects and the May edition each year will contain
a full list of current projects in the Transport sector. Within each sector, a number of
Theme Objectives has been defined as a way of identifying the most beneficial areas of
focus. Some projects, because of their multidisciplinary nature, fall under other sector
objectives such as Energy Efficiency, Geoscience and Urbanisation.
The Theme Objectives for the Transport sector are:
- T1 Reduce accidents and increase
road safety in rural and urban areas.
- T2 Reduce the costs of constructing,
rehabilitating and maintaining road infrastructure, and vehicle operations.
- T3 Improve the availability of
cost-effective transport for the rural and urban poor, including public transport and
non-motorised modes.
- T4 Increase the efficiency of
national and regional transport systems.
These Transport Theme Objectives
will be examined in more detail in future issues. Other sector Theme Objectives referred
to in this newsletter are:
- E3 Improve end use energy efficiency
in industrial, commercial, government, agricultural and transport sectors.
- G3 Improve geotechnical hazard
avoidance strategies in national planning.
- G4 Improve understanding of the
properties of engineering materials specific to developing countries.
- U2 Increase the efficiency of urban
transport systems.
Each ODA TDR project described in
the Newsletter will indicate the project reference and Theme Objective and a contact name,
Fax and/or E-mail address - more information on addresses of relevant organisations can be
found on the back page. In addition, this first issue contains news on publications,
events and training courses.
Linda Parsley, Editor, Overseas
Centre, TRL Limited
Email: lparsley@TRL Limited.co.uk
LETTERS
SECTION
We welcome your contributions to
this section. Please send the Editor your comments, views and ideas on this newsletter,
and transport related issues which you feel will be of interest to readers. Letters will
be printed at the discretion of the Editor as space allows.
Dear Editor
May I submit a short letter to
welcome this first issue of the new style Transport newsletter and to promote it as a
means of communication between Transport and Development practitioners of all disciplines.
Technology Development and Research
(TDR) ultimately must be judged on the extent to which the findings are taken up and used
by policy makers or practitioners in the field. This requires not only that the work is of
high quality but that it is effectively disseminated to potential end users. Dissemination
of information about TDR work is thus the prime objective of this publication.
We also intend that our TDR work
should be demand led by those who are in a position to use the results. To this end we now
have a TDR Steering Group comprising representatives from ODA, World Bank, European
Commission, Commonwealth, NGOs, and Consultants. However, we also hope that letters to the
editor of this newsletter will serve to inform ODA about the demand for new TDR work and
the extent to which readers have used the results of work in hand or already completed.
C I Ellis
Divisional Engineering Adviser, ODA
INTERNET
NEWS: ONEWORLD ONLINE
Set up in January 1995, OneWorld
Online is the Internet arm of the OneWorld Broadcasting Trust. It publishes development
information on the World Wide Web in an easily retrievable and user friendly way.
OneWorld Online operates as a
partnership of over 50 of the largest human rights and development NGO's in the UK like
Amnesty, Oxfam and UNICEF. It has grown into the biggest independent site on the Internet
dealing with sustainable human development.
It designs and runs autonomous Web
sites for these partners, who can publish/broadcast their own materials. There is also a
communal area which includes news, special reports, an events diary, media listings and a
special section for schools.
Main sources of funding are the
ODA, the organisation's partners and the OneWorld Broadcasting Trust.
The OneWorld Online address is http://www.oneworld/org/.
ROAD
SAFETY WORK IN MALAYSIA
Chris Baguley, one of TRL Limited's road
safety specialists, recently returned from a two year assignment with the Institut Kerja
Raya Malaysia (IKRAM), which is in effect Malaysia's equivalent to TRL Limited (but with
responsibility limited to State and Federal roads only).
A programme of research and
technical assistance was undertaken which was funded mainly by ODA with support from the
Ministry of Public Works, Malaysia.
TRL Limited has had a long association with
IKRAM, with previous teams working on pavement design and evaluation, and geotechnical
research. Chris's main task was to set up a road safety research programme with the
emphasis on improving the road accident database, and then use the information collected
to tackle Malaysia's rapidly growing road accident problems. Another part of the programme
was to evaluate the effectiveness of engineering improvements introduced at specific
'high-accident' sites. These improvements were introduced at a cost of US$35 million over
a five-year period and were part-funded by the World Bank. Preliminary investigations show
that although modest savings on accidents were obtained, there was a need for more
accurate identification of high accident sites and detailed investigation of the specific
problems.
Research was initiated on the
effectiveness of a range of more appropriate low cost measures. These included the
application of 'tactile' high reflective double white lines to serve as warnings to
drivers on rural roads where overtaking was particularly hazardous.
Chris recognised the need for a
comprehensive accident investigation guide for use by engineers and planners throughout
Malaysia. As is the case in most countries throughout Asia and Africa, engineers receive
little training in how to improve road safety. Chris spent considerable time developing a
manual for use in Malaysia, but also with general applicability in many other countries.
Two thousand copies of the manual have been printed and sent to all highway engineers in
the country. The assignment culminated in a very successful safety seminar opened by the
Minister of Public Works. Various strategies for improving safety based on the research
findings were discussed, and a position paper is now being prepared for the Malaysian
Parliament.
For further information contact
Chris Baguley, Overseas Centre, TRL Limited Email: cbaguley@TRL Limited.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R5614
'Development & Evaluation of Road Safety Improvements - Engineering Measures'
Theme Objective T1
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT: A SECTOR POLICY REVIEW
The World Bank has produced a draft
policy review document on sustainable transport which summarises much of the Bank's
experience in the transport sector since the last sector policy paper in 1972. It reviews
transport policy options in the light of worldwide changes in economic and trade
structures and in aspirations for improved quality of life in client countries.
The principal conclusion of the
report is that social and environmental sustainability are inseparable from economic
sustainability. In many countries, however, the financial and economic soundness of the
transport sector has been jeopardized by excessive or misdirected government intervention.
It is suggested that institutional and policy reform should concentrate on separating
sector regulation from operations and developing more competitive and commercial supply
structures. It also proposes that effective channels of finance must be established for
the maintenance of transport infrastructure and equipment and that pricing should be used
more actively to avoid environmentally unsustainable reliance on the private automobile.
Efficient charging for road infrastructure will also help to secure the appropriate role
for urban and inter-urban rail transport and avoid financially unsustainable dependence on
publicly funded transport infrastructure and services. The review also outlines ways in
which social and environmental sustainability can be enhanced by encouraging the role of
local communities in policy design and implementation, and by better mobilizing the
potential of non-motorized transport and the informal sector. The forthcoming review
should be published by the World Bank by the end of 1995.
It is understood that a transport sector policy review is currently being carried out by
the European Development Fund and ODA's own review is also nearing completion. Further
details will be provided in future editions.
BUILDING BRIDGES WITH ODA IN THE PHILIPPINES
Following the visit to the UK in
March 1995 by the President of the Philippines, a Presidential Task Force drew up a list
of 232 bridges around the country in urgent need of replacement. During April-May 1995, a
2 man TRL Limited team assisted ODA in appraising an Aid and Trade Provision (ATP) to replace worn
or damaged bridges in the Philippines with British-manufactured steel panel bridges. The
ODA/TRL Limited team visited the representative provinces of Camarines Sur and Capiz to assess the
construction costs and likely economic benefits, allowing for estimated traffic growth
over the 20 year life of the bridges (which need little or no maintenance), and agreed on
evaluation and assessment criteria with the Task Force, including environmental impact and
river bank protection. Phase 1 of this ATP aims to provide some 8,000 lane-metres at sites
giving the highest economic return, with a total budget of around £30M, of which £25M
would be direct or indirect aid, and £5M raised locally.The project has a high profile
because of the high economic and social costs of damage to bridges caused by typhoons and
the resulting floods, as well as occasional volcanic activity. Traffic growth rates in the
Philippines are high, averaging around 8 per cent per annum, which is substantially
greater than the annual growth of the Gross National Product.
The Philippine government forsees
the need to build 40,000 metres of new bridging annually, so clearly the ATP project will
assist them on this approach. For further information contact Nick Taylor, TRL Limited. Email: ntaylor@TRL Limited.co.uk
REDUCING EARTHWORK FAILURE RISK ON ROADS
Many roads are blocked and traffic
disrupted for long periods each year by earthwork and slope failure after periods of heavy
rain. Not only does this cause considerable economic losses, but there are also social
hardships on a significant scale, including thousands of recorded fatalities from such
events.
Research indicates that many of the
earthwork failures are predictable, and that these events are connected with construction
on or above road slopes, deforestation, river scouring, and general erosion from
uncontrolled surface water flow. Ideally, for any road where there is risk, these
triggering effects should be identified in time. The problem has always been that
inspecting roads and being able to recognize all of the indicators connected with
potential failure is difficult because of the steep and densely vegetated nature of road
slopes.
The TRL Limited has developed an earthwork
condition assessment technique which overcomes the difficulties of access to earthwork
slopes. Detailed records of each site, collected at ground level and in the air, take only
a couple of days to obtain for hundreds of kilometres of road, and cost less than $(US)50
per kilometre of road. The subsequent analysis of these records by experienced earthwork
engineers, allows hazard and risk maps, earthwork inventories and engineering appraisals
to be produced.
Besides reports, the information is
contained in a multi-media database which is particularly easy for engineers to use, and
assists with highway management decisions. It is a procedure, however, that should be
repeated every two years for roads where a risk of earthwork failure exists, as it can
make a significant contribution to saving lives, extending the life of roads and
preserving infrastructure investment.
For further information contact
Warren Heath, Overseas Centre, TRL Limited
Email: wheath@TRL Limited.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R6025 'Slope protection and maintenance'
Theme Objective G3
THE
MART INITIATIVE
The Construction Enterprise Unit
(CEU) of Loughborough University of Technology was awarded a 3 year research contract by
the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) in April 1995. The programme is in one of
ODA's priority engineering research areas, which is to 'Reduce the costs of constructing,
rehabilitating and maintaining road infrastructure and vehicle operations' in developing
countries. The contract was awarded in partnership with specialist consultants in this
field: Intech Associates and I. T. Transport. The 3 year timescale will permit the project
to build working relationships with overseas associate organisations to develop
international cooperation in this sector. Already active collaboration arrangements have
been established with a number of organisations including the UN International Labour
Office (ILO).
The purpose of the initial MART
research programme is to develop guidelines for road authority engineers and managers, and
project planners and implementers using labour and intermediate technology for road
construction, rehabilitation and maintenance. It is possible that these techniques may be
appropriate for the circumstances of about half the world's population. However, the cost
effective application of these techniques has received insufficient attention in recent
years.
Under the ODA funded research, the
MART programme will draw together international experience in labour and tractor based
technology and the development of small construction enterprises. Through codifying
experience and carrying out selected further research work, separate guidelines will be
produced in the key areas of:-
- handtools
- intermediate equipmen
- private sector development
- institution building
If you would like to find out more
about the MART initiative, write to:
Derek Miles, Director, Institute of Development Engineering, Loughborough University of
Technology.
Fax: +44 (0)1509 211079
ODA Project Reference R6238
'Management of Appropriate Road Technology'
Theme Objective T2
THE INITIAL EFFECTS OF INTRODUCING COMMUTER
BUS SERVICES IN HARARE
In August of 1993 the public urban
transport sector in Zimbabwe was liberalised by the Government. This allowed the
introduction of privately operated commuter omnibuses to compete with the existing
state-run bus company, ZUPCO, which, hitherto, had held a monopoly in the capital, Harare.
A joint University of Zimbabwe and
Transport Research Laboratory team studied the effects of the liberalisation process
during 1993/94. The results suggest that a rapid growth in the commuter omnibus fleet and
its passenger-carrying capacity has occurred, accompanied by improvements in service
quality. Passenger waiting times have decreased and additional routes have been
established, thereby enabling a greater network to be operated.
However, negative impacts are also
evident. Fares have tended to rise, especially during the busiest times of the day, and on
many routes ZUPCO have reduced services, leaving passengers increasingly dependant on
commuter omnibus services. These operate on a 'hail-and-ride' principle with no fixed
boarding stations, and are the cause of increasing congestion in the city centre,
adversely affecting other road users and the environment in general. Commuter omnibuses
also increasingly appear to be the cause of, or involved in, road accidents in the city.
In general, it is clear that
passengers have benefited from changes that have resulted from the governments' liberation
of passenger services. In the long term, however, the continued increase of the commuter
omnibus fleet, if allowed, is likely to erode ZUPCO's revenue and increase congestion and
pollution of the urban environment. In the future, a balance will clearly be required
between sustainable public transport service improvements and wider community costs.
For further infomation contact Dave
Maunder, Overseas Centre, TRL Limited
Email: dmaunder@TRL Limited.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R6014
'Public Transport Regulatory Policy'
Theme Objective U2
THE USE OF MARGINAL QUALITY AGGREGATES FOR
BITUMEN SURFACED ROADS
Specifications for aggregate to
surface bitumen sealed roads in Southern Africa are demanding. For durability reasons,
they exclude the use of calcrete and silcrete duricrust materials that are prevalent in
many parts of the region. However, to build new low traffic roads needed in the Kalahari
desert, an alternative aggregate had to be found to reduce road construction costs.
Solutions to problems such as this formed the framework of an ODA TDR research project
with the TRL Limited, on the use of natural materials for road building. The objective of the
project as a whole was to examine the materials used in road pavements, and propose cost
effective alternative specifications where possible. For this study, a collaborative
research programme was established with the Ministry of Works in Botswana to investigate
whether the current specifications could be reduced.
The mineral and engineering
characteristics of the materials were examined using petrographic and mechanical test
methods, which showed that the silcretes were much stronger than the calcretes but that
both materials had potential. It was still essential, however, to prove their performance
under traffic. To test the materials under accelerated trafficking, the materials were
shipped to TRL Limited and trials laid on a road nearby during regular resurfacing works. The
trials were studied over 18 months using photographic techniques and physical tests (see
photograph). The tests helped to determine whether the stone resisted polishing and kept
its texture depth, which are important measures to ensure the safety of the road user. The
field trials showed that the calcrete could breakdown and by the end of the trials the
chippings had abraded and polished. In contrast, the silcretes showed only minor wear and
tear.
A traffic-based specification has
been proposed, which permits the use of calcrete aggregate on the lowest trafficked roads
and the use of silcrete aggregate on any of Botswana's roads. The revised specifications
apply to surfacings on new roads and to maintenance seals on existing roads. The study
proposed that quality control testing could be implemented quickly and cheaply using the
Aggregate Impact Test.
The results of the work promote the
use of locally available road building materials which can lead to savings of between 10%
and 30% of road construction costs. The savings accrue from cheaper processing and lower
haulage costs. Using these materials can also help to reduce traffic pollution and fuel
oil usage and can also preserve material resources.
The results have been documented
and the knowledge gained is being disseminated to regional audiences through conference
papers and published reports. This study is reported in ODA/TRL Limited Project Report No. PR115.
For further information contact
Mick O'Connell, Overseas Centre, TRL Limited
Email: moconnell@TRL Limited.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R5603
'Naturally occuring materials'
Theme Objective G4
TIME, TASKS AND TRADING: WOMEN'S TRANSPORT
NEEDS IN DEVELOPING CITIES
Aid agencies are increasingly
seeking to show the contribution investments in transport policy and infrastructure make
towards their wider development objectives, such as promoting the status of women. There
is, however, a lack of knowledge within the transport planning profession, of the
transport needs of women and what policies may best achieve such an objective.
The Overseas Centre of TRL Limited has, since 1992, conducted ODA-funded research into how urban
women use the transport system and what their particular needs are. So far, the research
has been conducted, in collaboration with local researchers and Transport authorities, in
Accra, Ghana and Medellin, Colombia.
Women, especially those with low
incomes, perform multiple economic and social activities. TRL Limited has found that women
build-in time flexibility to allow them to overcome delays, unforeseen events and
unreliable infrastructure, and still ensure vital tasks are implemented. They use children
or elderly members of the household to provide this flexibility to their daily routine.
Poor urban services such as transport, water and sanitation can place a significant
workload onto these vulnerable members of low-income communities.
Women's considerable involvement in
the informal retail sector in Accra provides trade for motorised and non-motorised
vehicles. This diversity of supply allows small-scale enterprises to adapt their transport
costs and stock-buying to closely reflect their working capital. Policies that seek a more
uniform motorised transport supply and which also fail to include the needs of
non-motorised modes, may impose inflexible transport costs on traders. This may be
detrimental to their economic survival and to those who depend on the trader's income.
Women also provide transport
services. In Accra, they act as commercial head porters in the densely built-up city
centre market areas. The position of women carrying out this physically-demanding work may
be improved by increased availability of credit for hand-pulled trucks and better business
education opportunities.
Future work will focus on the
transport needs of women in an Asian city. Several conference papers and journal articles
have already been produced. A TRL Limited Report and a book are due to be published in early 1996.
For further information contact:
Dave Maunder, Overseas Centre, TRL Limited
Email: dmaunder@TRL Limited.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R6019
'Planning for Women and Transport'
Theme Objective T3
SHORT
COURSES IN THE UK
A number of short courses are held
each year in the UK for highway engineers and planners working in overseas countries.
Several of these are run by TRL Limited, who also provide support to other courses run by the
Crown Agents and the British Council.
In July, TRL Limited Overseas Centre,
supported by ODA, held its annual course on the Centre's research work, involving over 20
of its specialists. Run for 30 years as a one week course entitled Tropical Roads Course,
it was organised for the first time over two weeks with the new name of Roads and
Transport in Developing Countries. This gave the opportunity to add new topics, and more
practicals and demonstrations, a format which will be retained for 1996.
Also, for the 3rd year, TRL Limited held a
successful one week course on Appropriate Technology Roadworks for Developing Countries in
June with Intech Associates. Both these courses will be held in 1996 at a venue close to
the TRL Limited. Crown Agents/Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick, supported by TRL Limited, held a course on Road
Management for Senior Engineers in June at the Crown Agents Training Centre in Sussex,
with 16 participants from 8 countries. The course will be held again in June 1996.
In September, the 3rd International
Road Safety and Accident Prevention seminar was held. Organised every two years by the
British Council in conjunction with TRL Limited and Newcastle University, the participants (from
12 countries) spent four days at TRL Limited, before travelling to Newcastle, where the remainder
of the two week seminar was held.
Course leaflets containing
information / application details for some of the following courses are enclosed with this
newsletter.
For further information contact the
relevant organisation.
1996 COURSES
UK
17-28 June 1996
Road Management for Senior Engineers. Worthing, Sussex, UK.
Contact: Chris Folwell, Training Manager,
Crown Agents.
24-28 June 1996
Appropriate Technology Roadworks for Developing Countries.
Wokingham, Berkshire, UK.
Contact: Linda Parsley, Overseas Centre, TRL Limited.
1-12 July 1996
Roads and Transport in Developing Countries.
Wokingham, Berkshire, UK.
Contact : Linda Parsley, Overseas Centre, TRL Limited.
Overseas
26 February-22 March 1996
Road Rehabilitation & Maintenance.
Mananga, Swaziland.
Contact : Chris Folwell, Training Manager,
Crown Agents.
DESIGN OF DENSE BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS FOR CLIMBING LANES
Asphaltic concrete wearing courses,
designed by the Marshall method, are often not appropriate for climbing lanes,
particularly in tropical climates. Examples of premature rutting in such materials have
been observed in regions as widespread as East Africa, the Middle-East, the Indian
sub-continent and the Far-East.
The density and aggregate
orientation obtained during the Marshall test does not represent the ultimate condition
and density in the road pavement after compaction by slow moving heavy vehicles. This is
because at high temperatures and at long loading times conventional bitumen behaves in a
viscous manner, allowing considerable secondary compaction of the mix under traffic. The
subsequent reduction in air voids can cause the matrix of fine aggregates and bitumen to
reduce the mechanical interlock between the coarse aggregates which eventually results in
structural instability and the surfacing shears under further trafficking.
There are a growing number of
bitumen additives available that increase the viscosity of a binder and improve its
temperature susceptibility, which should make the modified surfacings more resistant to
secondary compaction at high temperatures. During 1989-1990 the Public Works Institute of
Malaysia (IKRAM), in cooperation with the Overseas Centre of TRL Limited, constructed two full
scale trials on a climbing lane on the Kuala Lumpur - Karak Highway in order to evaluate
the relative performance of five modified binders used in asphaltic concrete designed by
the Marshall procedure. Also included in the trials was an asphaltic concrete using a
modified version of the BS Refusal Density test and experimental control sections.
Results from the studies have
indicated that, under severe loading conditions, shear failures are likely to occur when
the air voids in the compacted wearing course drop below 3 per cent irrespective of binder
type. The performance of the modified surfacings was extremely variable. Three of the
additives significantly improved the deformation resistance of the wearing course material
but the other two only marginally increased the life of the surfacing compared to the
control section. The study also showed that it is possible to design surfacing material
which is resistant to secondary compaction and hence shear failures, under severe loading,
without recourse to modified binders. Details of these design procedures can be found in
the 4th Edition of Overseas Road Note 31 published by the Overseas Centre of TRL Limited.
For further information contact
Colin Jones, Overseas Centre, TRL Limited
Email: cjones@TRL Limited.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R6023
'The design & construction of bituminous strengthening layers (overlays) for existing
roads'
Theme Objective G4
PIARC
CONGRESS
PIARC, World Road Association, the
oldest international organisation whose area of interest is roads and road technology,
held it's XXth quadrennial World Road Congress in Montreal in September 1995. This
important event attracted a significant number of delegates from developing countries and
countries in transition; PIARC membership now includes 81 governments and some 2100
members in 100 countries.
The committee on Technological
Exchanges and Development (C3) reported on its activities since 1991. These included the
publication of the International Road Maintenance Handbooks, the English version of which
has been funded by the ODA and is distributed by the TRL Limited Overseas Centre (see Overseas
Newsletter no. 13), and the PIARC Catalogue of Training Courses for Developing Countries
and Those with Economies in Transition.
Committee C3 also organised a joint
seminar on the HDM-IV model, with the World Bank and committee C6, and a session on The
Role of Secondary Road Networks in Developing Countries, to which ODA contributed a paper.
In addition there was a special session organised by the World Bank on Management and
Financing of Road Maintenance: Progress in Africa and a special session on Latin American
countries, New Investment Policies of the Public and Private Sectors.
The XXth World Road Congress also saw the formal launching of INTERCHANGE, a worldwide
network of information and contacts being established with the needs of the developing
countries and the countries in transition uppermost in mind. TRL Limited is the UK node on the
INTERCHANGE network.
MECHANISMS FOR IMPROVED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN TRANSPORT
An assessment of the wide range of
energy efficiency measures in the transport sector has been carried out by ETSU to provide
authoritative data on the options available for stimulating improved transport energy
efficiency in developing countries as part of bilateral and multi-lateral programmes.
There are four main reasons why improved energy efficiency in transport will benefit a
developing country:
- the total costs of importing
petroleum products can be reduced
- individual operating costs can be
reduced
- accessibility of transport can be
increased
- environmental burdens are reduced
Energy efficiency measures for
developing countries must be appropriate to the institutional, economic and practical
constraints which exist. The priority should be to concentrate on low cost and low
technology solutions. These include:
- improved fleet management and
operating procedures for public and freight transport system
- promotion and encouragement of
non-motorised transport
- expansion and development of
existing public transport systems
- land-use planning
Although many appropriate and cost
effective energy efficiency measures exist, information, institutional, technological and
financial/economic barriers may prevent them being implemented. Donors may assist by:
- helping governments formulate
transport and energy policies
- demonstrating energy efficient
measures and the transfer of experience from developed countries
- improving awareness and expertise
through information dissemination and training programmes
For further information contact
David Martin, ETSU.
Email:david.j.martin@aeat.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R6144
'Mechanisms for Improved Energy Efficiency in Transport'
Theme Objective E3
COSTING ROAD ACCIDENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
If accidents are not costed there
will inevitably be an under-investment in road safety. However, costing road accidents,
whether in the UK, the USA or elsewhere, is acknowledged by experts in this field to be a
difficult and contentious subject. Of the many different methods that can be used, no
single method is ideal.
TRL Limited recently produced Overseas Road
Note 10, which outlines a suitable costing method for developing countries. This uses the
gross output or human capital approach which, although not as complex as the value of risk
change approach(currently used in the UK), still requires the collection of a considerable
amount of data.
Overseas Road Note 10 sets out the
arguments for costing road accidents, outlines the various methods that can be used,
discusses the preferred method in detail and presents a case study of its use in practice.
It also shows the results of including accident savings in highway cost-benefit analyses,
which show that accident costs have a marked effect on both the ranking of projects and on
the magnitude of net benefits.
RECENT
PUBLICATIONS
Reports
ORN10 Transport Research
Laboratory, Costing Road Accidents in Developing Countries, Overseas Road Note 10, ORN10.
(TRL Limited)
PR115 WOODBRIDGE, M E and C W
SLATER, (1995). Development of a reduced specification for surfacing aggregate on low
traffic roads in Botswana. Project Report 115. TRL Limited, 1995.
THE WORLD BANK (1995). Sustainable
transport: A sector policy review. (Transportation, Water and Urban Development
Department, World Bank)
INTERNATIONAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
HANDBOOK (volumes 1-4), Transport Research Laboratory, 1994. Produced in association with
PIARC.(English version available from Overseas Centre, TRL Limited. For other language versions
contact PIARC)
Catalogue of Training Courses in
Transport Management and Road Engineering for Developing Countries and Those with
Economies in Transition. (PIARC)
Papers
BAGULEY, C J (1995). Progress
toward the national road casualty reduction target since 1991. Seminar on road safety: the
engineering contribution towards the national reduction target. Ministry of Works, Kuala
Lumpur. January 1995. (TRL Limited)
BAGULEY, C J (1995). Improving
safety by road engineering: proposals for getting back on track. Seminar on road safety:
the engineering contribution towards the national reduction target. Ministry of Works,
Kuala Lumpur. January 1995. (TRL Limited)
CUNDILL, M A, and S J WITHNALL.
(1995). Road transport investment model RTIM3. Sixth International Conference on Low
Volume Roads, Minneapolis, Minnesota 25-20 June, 1995. (TRL Limited)
GRIECO, M, J TURNER and E A KWAKYE
(1995). Informal public transport and the woman trader in Accra, Ghana. The seventh World
Conference on Transport Research, Sydney, 16-21 July 1995. (TRL Limited)
GRIECO, M, J TURNER and E A KWAKYE
(1995). Subverting sustainability? - infrastructural and cultural barriers to cycle use in
Accra. The seventh World Conference on Transport Research, Sydney, 16-21 July 1995. (TRL Limited)
HARUN, M H and G MOROSIUK (1995). A
study on the performance of various bituminous surfacings for use on climbing lanes.
Eighth REAAA Conference, Taipei, 17-21 April, 1995. (TRL Limited)
HEATH, W, G HEARN, and B McKINNON
(1995). Comparison between aerial and ground-based assessments of road earthworks failures
in Nepal. Eighth REAAA Conference, Taipei, 17-21 April, 1995. (TRL Limited)
HILLS, B L and C J BAGULEY (1995).
Accident data collection and analysis: Progress in the use of the Microcomputer Package
MAAP in the Asian Region. Eighth REAAA Conference, Taipei, 17-21 April 1995. (TRL Limited)
JACOBS, G (1995). Costing road
accidents in developing countries. Eighth REAAA Conference, Taipei, 17-21 April, 1995.
(TRL Limited)
MAUNDER, D A C and T C MBARA
(1995). 'Sudden Impact': Assessment of the initial effects of introducing commuter omnibus
services in Harare, Zimbabwe. The Chartered Institute of Transport in the UK. Autumn 1995.
(TRL Limited)
TURNER, J and P FOURACRE (1995).
Women and Transport in Developing Countries. Transport Reviews, 1995, Vol. 15, No. 1,
77-96. (TRL Limited)
UMAR, R S, G M MACKAY and B L HILLS
(1995). Preliminary analysis of motorcycle accidents: Short-term impacts of the running
headlights campaign and regulation in Malaysia. Journal of Traffic Medicine. (1995) Vol
23, No.1. (TRL Limited)
WOODBRIDGE, M E, B OBIKA, R
FREER-HEWISH and D NEWILL (1994). Prevention of salt damage to thin bituminous surfacings:
design guidelines. Sixth International Conference on Low Volume Roads, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 25-20 June, 1995. (TRL Limited)
For copies of the above
publications, please contact the relevant organisation - indicated in brackets.
CONTACT
ADDRESSES
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Fax: +44 (0)171 917 0072
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House, Basing View, Basingstoke, Hants RG21 2JG, UK.
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Fax: +1 202 522 1500
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