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EDITORIAL
WELCOME TO this, the third edition
of Transport which is produced by the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) on behalf of the
Overseas Development Administration (ODA). In this edition we report on the presentation
by ODA's Chief Engineering Adviser, John Hodges, to the Institute of Civil Engineers in
London at the prestigious Unwin Lecture, where the theme was Engineering Research for
Developing Countries.
Also in this issue is information
on ODA's Technology Development and Research (TDR) projects, including a list of TDR
projects which were not shown in the May issue and news on other Transport-related topics,
Diary of Events, courses, and recent publications. The second of ODA's Theme Objectives
for the transport sector is T2: Reduce the costs of constructing, rehabilitating and
maintaining road infrastructure, and vehicle operations. In general, vehicle operating
costs decrease as the standard of roads increase. Understanding the link between road
characteristics and vehicle operating costs and developing road investment tools which
incorporate this information enables investments to be optimised. Understanding the
behaviour of roads themselves and that of their component materials under tropical and
sub-tropical conditions is another important element. Extreme temperatures, high axle
loads and tyre pressures are particularly severe for the bituminous materials used as
surfacings for most main roads and research is underway to develop improved materials and
methods to cope with this. Road building materials that do not meet standard
specifications (often more widespread and therefore cheaper than conventional materials)
can be used very successfully in certain circumstances but research is necessary to
develop appropriate specifications and methods for their use. Perhaps most important of
all is Maintenance, for which the expression 'a stitch in time saves nine' is never more
true than for roads. In many countries much of the past investment in roads has been lost
through lack of timely maintenance and research is underway to improve the management of
road networks.
Transport would be pleased to hear
from readers with views, ideas and comments on this or any other topic. For further
information on technical aspects of projects reported on in this issue, contact should be
made to the relevant project manager, as listed. A full list of contact addresses is given
on the back page.
Any views expressed are those of
the Editor and the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the ODA.
ODA
PRESENTATION TO THE ICE
In April, John Hodges, Chief
Engineering Adviser of ODA, presented the Unwin Lecture (a commemorative lecture given
every two years) at the Headquarters of the Institution of the Civil Engineers (ICE) in
London. Under the title of 'Engineering Research for Developing Countries' he discussed
with an audience of over 100 from Government and Research establishments, Universities and
Consultants both ODA' s own Technical and Development Research (TDR) programme and the
importance of engineering research for developing countries.
After highlighting the five key
sectors of ODA's Engineering Division TDR programme (Transport, Urbanisation, Geoscience,
Energy and Water), Mr. Hodges used examples of recent research to demonstrate the key
factors behind a successful project. By reference to the ODA funded series of TRL's
Overseas Road Notes, he indicated that the dissemination of the results is afforded the
highest priority in order that the gap between researchers and practical users in the
field can be bridged, hence encouraging the use of appropriate technology in development.
Mr Hodges highlighted the fact that
each year Britain is committed to increasing its contributions to the multilateral aid
agencies, leaving less to be spent on the bilateral programme. Thus, despite the success
of the ODA TDR programme, research funds are diminishing. Whereas some researchers may now
look towards a bigger European Union (EU) budget for future funding, research in the
engineering sector in developing countries has not been a major part of the EU programme.
Those interested in advancing engineering research in developing countries can help by
impressing on the EU the need to ensure a more vital role for engineering within the EU's
fifth Framework for developing country research, (due to run for 4 years from 1999). The
problem has been further exacerbated by the Government White Paper ('Realising our
Potential'), published in 1993, which set out a new programme for UK government funded
research in science, engineering and technology. It has taken time for the new emphasis to
be adapted to meet the specific needs of developing countries.
In the meantime, the potential from
available research funds must be maximised. This is currently being achieved through
developing countries providing more resources in kind, an increased collaboration between
both researchers and aid agencies to produce integrated projects and, most importantly, a
move to include dissemination and/or implementation within capital projects rather than as
separately funded research activities.
The ensuing discussion, and the
response of the audience, showed that ODA's Engineering Division TDR programme has been
very successful at solving problems, which have constrained economic progress in many
developing countries, in a practicable way and has helped to give UK engineers an enviable
reputation in the developing world.
PROFILE
John Hodges, a Fellow of the ICE
and ODA's Chief Engineering Adviser, has spent most of the last thirty years working on
engineering problems in developing countries. His first overseas assignment in 1965 was in
the Highways Department of the Government of Zambia. In 1969 he joined the (then)
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, where he worked in Kenya on the development of the
Highway Design Model Ñ a project funded jointly by ODA and the World Bank. He moved from
TRRL in 1973 to join the staff of ODA, with over half his 23 years there spent living and
working in developing countries as an Engineering Adviser, and subsequently as the Head of
ODA's regional office in the Pacific.
In 1990 he was posted to ODA's
office in Scotland with prime responsibility for the award of consultancy contracts.
Appointed as ODA's Chief Engineering Adviser in 1993, he now has ultimate professional
responsibility for all projects funded by ODA in the broad engineering sector.
IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF ROAD NETWORKS
Although road maintenance has been
perceived by many as being crucial to the survival of a road network, its overall
importance has changed dramatically in the eyes of both developing countries and donors
over the last twenty years or so. The turning point came in the late 1970's at a time when
a substantial amount of aid had already been spent on improving roads in developing
countries with the assumption that further funds would be earmarked for road maintenance
and rehabilitation activities. This was not always the case and many networks fell into
disrepair, leading one major donor to the conclusion that 'for every kilometre of new
construction, three to four kilometres were entering the cycle of terminal decline'.
Restoring the badly damaged roads and maintaining an appropriate quality of service is
likely to consume more than 2 per cent of the GDP's of the countries affected over the
next ten years or so. Whilst the backlog remains, the additional vehicle operating costs
borne by the transport sector, and ultimately by the national economy, are of the order of
four times the annual shortfall in maintenance expenditure.
The main problems which have led to
the above situation are now well understood by ODA, the World Bank and others. Central to
the problem has been the inadequacy of existing management systems, and the absence of a
clear appreciation of the technical requirements of such systems and the institutional
issues concerned with their sustainable implementation. What is clear is that the
existence of a management system per se does not guarantee that a network will be properly
managed or that road conditions will improve. In fact, in cases where TRL have been able
to observe at close quarters, the opposite has often been found to be true. The lesson to
learn is that systems alone cannot save roads and that future prosperity will depend on
obtaining senior management commitment, ensuring a reliable source of funding and adequate
motivation of staff, and promoting a 'culture of maintenance' in the organisations
responsible for the upkeep of a nation's roads.
To address some of the key issues
and offer better advice to policy makers and practitioners, a three year ODA funded
research programme was established at TRL in 1994. The main objective is to produce a set
of practical guidelines for the successful design and implementation of road management
systems. The project has so far involved in-depth reviews of a variety of systems in
Zimbabwe, Indonesia, Botswana and Tanzania and contacts with vendors. Deterioration
relationships are used in these systems to predict future road performance and therefore
ascertain optimum strategies for future road investment. These relationships are developed
using engineering expertise and validating this with data of past performance. As part of
this project and for this purpose, long term monitoring studies have been continued in a
number of countries and their results have contributed to the development of the new HDM4.
Cooperation with the HDM team at the University of Birmingham and other organisations at
the centre of the ISOHDM study has been strong, with TRL being nominated as the key
organisation responsible for coordinating the development of the technical relationships
for HDM4. The draft guidelines will be available in 1997 for peer review prior to final
publication. It is also proposed to field test the guidelines in several countries during
1997 and 1998, since adaptation of the general guidance to particular circumstances is
considered vital for sustainability.
For further information contact:
Tyrone Toole, Overseas Centre,TRL
Email:ttoole@trl.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R6024
'Road Network Management'
Theme Objective T4
DIARY
April 1997
3rd African Road Safety Congress
14-17 April , Pretoria, South Africa
Organiser: Conference Planners
Tel: +27 12 63 1681
Fax: +27 12 63 1680
E-mail: confplan@iafrica.com
May 1997
Exporail (Asia) 97
Intertunnel (Asia) 97
Highways (Asia) 97
14-16 May, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Organiser: Judy Aspden, Interfama Brooks Exhibitions
Tel: +44 (0)1707 275 641
Fax: +44 (0)1707 275 544
June 1997
City Transport 97 - worldwide exhibition of public transport
2-5 June, Stuttgart, Germany
Organiser: UITP
Tel: +32 2 673 61 00 Fax: +32 2 660 10 72
Rehabilitation and development of civil engineering infrastructure systems
9-11 June, Lebanon
Organiser: Prof Adbul-Malak, American
University of Beirut, New York, USA
Tel: +1 212 350000 ext 3460/3461/3473
Fax: +1 212 444 5813
E-mail: mamalak@aub.edu.lb
Transport Systems '97
16-18 June, Chania, Greece
Organiser: Department of Production and Management Engineering, Technical University of
Crete
XIIIth IRF world meeting
16-20 June, Toronto, Canada
Organiser: Ministry of Transportation, Ontario, Canada. Fax: +1 416 235 5151
International symposium on engineering geology and the environment
23-27 June, Athens, Greece
Organiser: Helenic Committee of Engineering Geology
Tel: +30 1 3813900/3804375/9225835
Fax: +30 1 3813900/9242570
International symposium on thin pavements, surface treatments and unbound roads, low cost,
low volume, high tech
24-25 June, Canada
Organiser: University of New Brunswick
Tel: +1 506 453 4976 Fax: +1 506 453 3568
MART
EQUIPMENT CHALLENGE
The Management of Appropriate Road
Technology (MART) initiative has continued its collaboration with ILO ASIST (Advisory
Support Information Services and Training for labour based roadworks) by holding a joint
workshop in Accra, Ghana early in 1996. Addressing the issues of intermediate equipment in
labour based roadworks, the workshop was hosted by the Department of Feeder Roads (DFR)
Ghana and attended by specialists from both consulting and contracting backgrounds.
Following this ASIST held its annual labour based roadworks seminar, discussing the
practices and prospects of labour based contracting, another theme of the MART initiative.
The aim of the workshop was the
development of guidelines on specification, procurement and management/support of
intermediate equipment. The workshop participants produced a list of 70 items of
intermediate equipment and 28 equipment issues that should be addressed by the MART
Guidelines. In addition, the identification of the available information and further R
& D (Research and Development) needs of the 35 most important items were made together
with an agreement of actions required. The findings from the workshop are given in MART
working paper 5.
Equipment challenge:
The workshop highlighted the lack
of suitable proven designs for intermediate technology roadworks equipment. MART is
therefore running an equipment design competition to stimulate the production of designs
which may be evaluated under the project. Appropriate designs are sought for the following
items of
roadworks equipment:
1. Manually Operated One-Barrel
Bitumen Heater Distributor
2. Manually Operated Concrete Paver Press & Testing Apparatus
3. (Tractor) Towed Dead-weight Compaction Roller
Prizes, provided by the British
Public Works Association, will be awarded by a panel of experts including ODA and ILO. The
closing date for submission is 31 March 1997.
For further information about the
equipment challenge
or the MART project in general contact Derek Miles, Director,
Institute of Development Engineering, Loughborough University
ODA Project Reference R6238
'Management of Appropriate Road Technology'
Theme Objective T2
REDUCING BLACK SMOKE AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN
DIESEL VEHICLES
The emission of black smoke by
diesel fuelled trucks and buses is an everyday sight in many countries.
First impressions are of dirt and
unpleasant smells, but, more seriously, it can present a health hazard through the
inhalation of minute particles coated in hydrocarbons and is always a sign that the
vehicle is operating inefficiently and wasting fuel. Many operators are reluctant to
perform extra work on their vehicles during maintenance periods and will not do so unless
it can be proved that they will save money. Because there are no routine or random smoke
checks in many countries, there are also no external incentives to improve this particular
aspect of a vehicle's performance.
A recent joint project between TRL
and the Central Institute for Road Transport in Pune, India, measured black smoke
emissions from two fleets of vehicles and correlated the emissions with records of fuel
consumed by the same vehicles.
Black smoke and fuel consumption
from 25 buses and 25 trucks was monitored over a six month period. Results from the
project show:
- The use of advanced smoke test
equipment in routine garage operations, in adverse conditions of high temperatures and
humidity, was achieved reliably and without significant problems.
- The potential for fuel savings
resulting from reduced black smoke emissions was demonstrated.
- Nearly three quarters of the peak
smoke levels were under the UK test limits. The vehicles sampled from both fleets were
maintained to a good standard.
- The standard diesel fuel available
to the fleets under test was of good quality.
The use of such smoke test
equipment for random roadside tests and for routine roadworthiness inspections could make
a considerable difference to black smoke emissions from diesel vehicles. Further support
is needed to enable countries to implement such test procedures and to determine the
benefits on a larger scale.
For further information contact:
Tim Pearce, Overseas Centre, TRL.
E-mail: tpearce@trl.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R5594
'Vehicles and the Environment'
Theme Objective E3
ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS
ODA funded studies have shown that
pedestrians account for over 40 per cent of road accident fatalities in African and Middle
Eastern countries.
Many of these are young people in
the under-15 age group, with children representing more than 25 per cent of road accident
deaths in Africa.
Research carried out by TRL's
Overseas Centre into road safety behaviour, knowledge and education have shown that
children's road safety knowledge in many developing countries was often inadequate, and
that little road safety education was being carried out in schools. A three country study
in Botswana, Pakistan and Zimbabwe of more than 1000 schools, indicated the desire of
teachers to have improved road safety education curriculum materials, guides and advice on
planning road safety lessons.
The development of road safety
education materials and approaches that would provide models of good practice for primary
schools in developing countries is the focus of an ongoing ODA TDR
project. Taking account of children's and teachers' road safety knowledge and attitudes,
materials were developed and after successful trials in Ghana, a teaching resource, 'Safe
Ways', produced.
'Safe Ways' contains five lessons,
giving children new and interesting ways to learn road safety in the classroom, the school
compound and in practical situations on or near roads. Using the 'Safe Ways' materials,
children practise road safety both at school and on their journeys to and from school with
key learning points being walking safely, crossing roads and identifying safe routes to
and from school. As a result, children's road safety knowledge and awareness of the local
traffic environment and their dangers are improved, which, hopefully, the children will
pass on to their families, especially the younger members.
'Safe Ways' is a flexible resource
which can readily fit into an existing school curriculum. While it has been developed for
Ghana, it is hoped to be able to extend the research to produce 'Safe Ways' for other
countries in the near future. A Tutor's Pack for training teachers and a Good Practice
Guide are in preparation.
For more information contact Ivan
Sayer, Overseas Centre, TRL
Email: isayer@trl.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R6029
'Road Safety Development and Evaluation
of Educational Programmes'
Theme Objective T1
ROAD
SAFETY SEMINAR IN BANGKOK
An important Road Safety Seminar
was held in Bangkok in September under the joint auspices of the United Nations Economic
and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Asian Development Bank
(ADB). Opened by the Deputy Minister for Transport and Communications for Thailand, it was
attended by about 120 delegates representing government departments of 26 countries,
senior officials from the UN, ESCAP, ADB and the World Bank and well known researchers
from Australia, Canada and the UK.
The main focus of the seminar was
the presentation of findings from studies undertaken by a joint Ross Silcock-TRL team,
funded by ESCAP and the ADB, which identified the magnitude and nature of the safety
problem in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition a set of Guidelines aimed at senior policy
makers on the main aspects of road safety were submitted to the delegates for discussion.
ODA provided funding for delegates
from Bangladesh and Nepal to attend and Dr Goff Jacobs of TRL gave a presentation on
ODA-funded research and technical assistance projects undertaken over the last ten years
or so throughout the Asia-Pacific region. A presentation on road accident data systems was
given by Chris Baguley, TRL, who recommended that MAAP5, TRL's Microcomputer Accident
Analysis Package, already in use as the national database for Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Papua New Guinea and Singapore, be adopted as a standard for the whole Region.
For further information contact:
Chris Baguley or Goff Jacobs, Overseas Centre, TRL
Email: cbaguley@trl.co.uk, gjacobs@trl.co.uk
PIARC
SPONSORSHIP
THE ROLE of the World Road
Association (PIARC) is to facilitate international co-operation and foster progress in the
formulation of road and road transport policies and the development of technology. A
primary aim within this is to improve knowledge transfer, with priority given towards
developing countries and countries in transition.
The ODA has made a significant
contribution towards this through its involvement in the International Road Maintenance
Handbooks, PIARC Catalogue of Training Courses for Developing Countries and Countries in
Transition and the HDM-IV model. This is now being enhanced further by providing for the
active participation by representatives from developing countries through ODA sponsorship
of two engineers for PIARC's 1996-1999 reporting cycle.
The sponsored engineers are
currently Welford Mbvundula (Malawi) on C6 Road Management and Ephraim Ruita (Kenya) on C7
Concrete Roads. Both Mr Mbvundula and Mr Ruitha were able to attend the first meeting of
their committees and so provide a development focus towards the work programme of the
committees over the next three years.
The involvement of these engineers
has also encouraged a number of PIARC's committees to hold meetings in Southern Africa to
coincide with meetings of SADC. This provides further encouraging links between PIARC and
SADC following the SADC countries decision to join PIARC as a result of Mr Mbvundula's
sponsorship by the ODA. In addition to the UK sponsorship of developing country engineers
by the ODA through the British National Committee (BNC) of PIARC, PIARC Head Office in
Paris also runs a Special Fund for part funding engineers from developing countries and
countries in transition to participate in its committees.
For further information contact:
Colin Goodwillie, PIARC BNC
Tel: +44 (0) 171 921 4349 Fax: +44 (0) 171 921 4505
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY MODELS FOR HDM-4
The ODA is currently funding a
research project to develop an energy balance and environmental assessment capability
within the framework of the Highway Development and Management Tool HDM-4. In a two-year
programme, appropriate methods will be identified for energy balance analyses and for
linking vehicle emissions to air quality, health and other environmental impacts, and
damage costs. These methods will be validated through case studies in developing
countries, before implementation into the HDM-4 software.
The project is part of an
international study being undertaken to produce modern tools for highway development and
management (HDM-4) jointly funded with the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB),
the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA), and others. This US$2.75 million
international study builds upon the widely used HDM-III and RTIM3 models developed by the
World Bank and the Transport Research Laboratory, respectively. The two models have been
used for over two decades to carry out economic evaluation of road projects, programmes
and strategies.
HDM-4, when completed, will be used
to assess transport projects in developing countries. It is primarily a cost-benefit
analysis tool used for quantifying the economic impacts of road projects, expenditure
programmes and strategies. However, the energy consumption and environmental impacts of
transport projects and policies often impose 'external costs' which are commonly not paid
directly by transport users and are therefore not considered by decision makers. The
inclusion of 'externalities' within the HDM-4 framework will ensure that the model
produces solutions which are socio-economically efficient.
The energy balance framework will
provide an alternative to traditional economic evaluation used to select project
alternatives based on criteria such as NPV, IRR, etc. The new ODA funded research should
provide a framework for assessing transport alternatives based on total energy consumption
for both motorised and non-motorised road users. Economic appraisal tends to favour
motorised road users because it is difficult to quantify the economic benefits of other
types of road users. The energy balance framework should provide a common measure of
resource consumption by all modes of road transport.
For further information, contact
Henry Kerali, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham
E-mail: R.H.G.Kerali@bham.ac.uk or J.E.Saxby@bham.ac.uk
ODA Project Reference R6486
'Development of environmental impacts and energy balance models for HDM4'
Theme Objective E3
GUIDE TO TRAFFIC SIGNALS IN DEVELOPING CITIES - ORN 13
Traffic signals are used throughout
the world for the control of traffic at junctions. Their use in developing cities is
likely to increase, despite some doubts as to their effectiveness and safety if used
incorrectly.
Signals enable pre-determined
levels of priority to be given to each approach to a road junction. The length of green
time given to each arm was originally determined by trial and error but mathematical
theory and improved technology have led to control methods which can minimise vehicle
delays.
A guide to traffic signals in
developing cities (ORN 13) has been produced by TRL in the ODA funded Overseas Road Note
series. The purpose of the document is to assist local authority engineers in developing
cities on the need for traffic signals and then how to use them optimally. It aims to
provide help in the choice between the technologies available and particularly to clarify
the benefits of low-cost methods, where applied correctly. ORN 13 is available from the
Overseas Centre of TRL.
For further information contact:
Geoff Gardner Overseas Centre,TRL
Email: ggardner@trl.co.uk
ODA Project Reference R6016
'Traffic Signal Control Strategy'
Theme Objective U2
BOOK REVIEWS
Transport and Development in the
Third World by David Simon
Published by Routledge, 1996
In this book David Simon takes an
innovative approach to examining the complex interactions between development and the
provision of transport in the third world. The book covers all of the major issues in
transport including rural, urban and long distance transport as well as the policy
considerations relating to these sectors. It provides a good introduction to all aspects
of the contribution of transport to the development process, and the sometimes difficult
decisions that poorer countries have to make on modal choice. As such, civil aviation,
maritime shipping and rail are dealt with alongside conventional road vehicles and
non-motorised transport options.
The book challenges conventional
transport planning and stresses that transport interventions are not always neutral. Many
of the new transport technologies exported from rich Northern countries are not
necessarily appropriate or sustainable in the South. In addition, their impact on the
environment and the wider accessibility of society is often not addressed. The author
argues that transport planning needs to take a more integrated or holistic perspective
where local communities as well as outside experts and politicians are centrally involved
in the planning process .
Reviewed by Simon Ellis, TRL
At Christmas and on Rainy Days:
Transport, Travel and the Female Traders of Accra by
M Grieco, N Apt and J Turner.
Published by Avebury, 1996
This book gives an account of the
social organisation of the informal transport sector in Accra, Ghana. It ranges across
forms of technology, interactions within the distribution supply chain, social traditions,
personal behaviour, and the special roles of women in the transport and trading system.
The main research method is the use of interviews to assemble a picture of how the system
operates from the perspective of all the participants.
As a description of a complex set
of socialinteractions this is fascinating. It turns out that despite immense cultural
differences, the parameters driving travel choices are not so different from those which
rule in the West. Very poor people may be heavily time-constrained, suffer from
unreliability, seek to overcome rigid rules such as the 'tour de role' system through
various informal payment mechanisms and are willing to pay extra for better quality At
Christmas and on Rainy Days.
Where the study is less clear is on
the policy implications. The last chapter calls for a more sensitive policy approach, for
example on restrictive rules, and for better planning of non-motorised transport. The work
shows that households in developing countries have more complex scheduling requirements
than those in developed countries. This is said to have major consequences for
infrastructure policies, but it is not clear what these are. Presumably certain types of
such policies could as easily destroy these social systems as improve the lot of the
people within them. So, at the end of this most enjoyable book, I am left with a question
- how can we use the rich descriptive material gathered here to achieve better, more
sensitive policy planning?
Reviewed by Peter Mackie, Professor
of Transport Studies, University of Leeds
FURTHER CURRENT ODA TDR PROJECTS
These projects together with those
given in the May 96 issue makes a complete list of current TDR projects. They are
identified by Theme, Project title, Project reference (R number) and relevant
contact/organisation to whom enquiries should be made.
THEME T2
Unpaved roads (R5599), Tyrone Toole, TRL
The development of better deterioration
relationships and effective management strategies for unsurfaced road in wet climates and
to undertake reviews of research needs in order to reduce total transport costs, improve
accessibility, and promote greater self reliance by increased use of local labour and
locally manufactured equipment.
Rehabilitation design (R5610),
Harry Smith, TRL
To develop more reliable methods of evaluating the strength of roads and designing
structural overlays to extend their life under tropical environments thereby reducing
overall road construction and rehabilitation costs.
International study - highway
development and management tools(R6472), Henry Kerali, University of Birmingham
Final validation, implementation and dissemination of HDM-4, a road sector investment
appraisal model (replacing HDM-3 and RTIM3). This will incorporate new methods for
predicting road safety, environmental and non-motorised traffic effects, traffic
congestion, concrete roads, and other factors excluded from HDM-3.
Longer life road surfacing using
bitumen modifiers (R6473), Harry Smith, TRL
Develop recommendations for the use of bitumen modifiers in asphalt and surface dressings
which inhibit premature cracking associated with high temperatures and high levels of
radiation in tropical environments.
Recycling of bituminous road
materials (R6474), Harry Smith, TRL
To establish methodologies which will allow damaged bituminous materials to be recovered
and modified for re-use in road structures.
THEME T3
Low cost animal cart technology
(R6475), Dr C E Oram, University of Warwick
Field test and develop existing low-cost, highly promising DTU cart components and
designs: mild steel roller bearings, cast aluminium wheels and hubs, and easy-to-build
carts, and their potential for self propagation.
THEME E3
Development of environmental impacts and energy balance models for HDM4 (R6486), Henry
Kerali, University of Birmingham
To develop an environmental assessment tool for inclusion within the HDM-4 framework. The
project will identify the most appropriate methods for energy balance analyses and for
linking vehicle emissions to air quality, health impacts and damage costs. These will be
validated through case studies in developing countries.
THEME G1
Environment and roadbuilding (R6021), Tony Greening, TRL
The development of environmentally acceptable methods of excavating materials for road
construction and maintenance and guidelines for implementation.
THEME U2
Urban mass transit (R5596), Geoff Gardner, TRL
The development of guidelines on the best choice of mass transit systems for given
operating conditions in developing cities. The emphasis is on contributing to sustainable,
efficient city growth together with the need for affordable transport for the urban poor.
SHORT
COURSES IN THE UK
Several short courses are held each year in the UK for highway engineers and planners
working in overseas countries.
ODA supported 11 of the 25
participants attending the TRL Overseas Centre's annual two week course (Roads and
Transport in Developing Countries) in July. Involving over 20 of TRL's specialists, the
course enabled the participants (from 15 countries) to gain valuable experience not only
from the lecturers on their research work but also from each other.
In June, a successful one week
course was held on Appropriate Technology Roadworks for Developing Countries by TRL and
Intech Associates, with 15 participants from 9 countries.
Crown Agents/Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick, supported by TRL, again held a course on Road
Management for Senior Engineers in June at the Crown Agents Training Centre in Sussex.
All three courses will be held
again in 1997.
1997 Courses
16 - 27 June 1997. Road Management
for Senior Engineers. Worthing, Sussex, UK.
Contact : Chris Folwell, Training Manager, Crown Agents.
23 - 27 June 1997. Appropriate
Technology Roadworks for Developing Countries. Wokingham, Berkshire, UK.
Contact : Linda Parsley, Overseas Centre, TRL.
30 June - 11 July 1997. Roads and
Transport in Developing Countries. Wokingham, Berkshire, UK.
Contact : Linda Parsley, Overseas Centre, TRL.
2 - 11 September 1997.
International seminar 97074. Saving lives: policies and programmes for road
safety and accident prevention. Newcastle, UK.
Contact : Promotion Manager, International Seminars, The British Council (Oxford).
Course leaflets containing
information / application details for some of the above courses are enclosed with this
newsletter. For further information contact the relevant organisation. Applicants from
overseas should be aware of the time required to obtain funds/approval and visas for
travel to the UK and apply in good time. Regrettably a number of interested engineers were
prevented from attending courses in 1996 because of delays in these areas.
RECENT
PUBLICATIONS
BOOKS
GRIECO, M, N APT and J TURNER
(1996). 'At Christmas and on Rainy Days', Transport, Travel and the Female Traders of
Accra. 268pp Published by Avebury, 1996. ISBN 1-85972-172-9 (£39.95) (Ashgate Publishing
Ltd.)
SIMON, D (1996). Transport and
Development in the Third World. 194pp Published by Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-11905-7
(£9.99) (Routledge)
THE WORLD BANK (1996). Sustainable Transport: Priorities for Policy Reform. 131pp
Published by the World Bank, 1996.
ISBN 0-8213-3598-7 (The World Bank)
REPORTS
ORN13
Transport Research Laboratory (1996). The use of traffic signals in developing cities.
Overseas Road Note 13, ORN13. (TRL)
TRL 211
HILLS, B L, N THOMPSON, F JOHNSON
and C D POSANAU (1996). A roadside and hospital survey of drinking and driving in Port
Moresby, Papua New Guinea. TRL Report 211. TRL, 1996
TRL 227
SAYER I A and A J DOWNING
(1996).Pedestrian accidents and road safety education in selected countries. TRL Report
227. TRL, 1996.
TRL 229
CUNDILL M A (1996). The MERLIN road
roughness machine: User Guide. TRL Report 229. TRL. 1996.
MART Working Paper 1
MILES, D (ed) (1996). Towards
Guidelines for Labour-Based Contracting. Published by the Institute Of Development
Engineering.
ISBN 1-900930-00-5 (Loughborough University)
MART Working Paper 5
LARCHER P, D MILES and R PETTS
(1996). Workshop on Intermediate Equipment for Labour-Based Roadworks. Published by the
Institute Of Development Engineering.
ISBN 1-900930-05-6 (Loughborough University
PAPERS
AMPONSAH, F, J TURNER, M GRIECO and
P GUITINK (1996). The commercial use of non-motorised transport: evidence from Accra,
Ghana. Transportation Research Board, 75th Annual Meeting, January 7-11, 1996, Washington,
D.C. (PA3165/96) (TRL)
HILLS, B L, N THOMPSON, F JOHNSON
AND C S POSANAU (1996). A roadside and hospital survey of drinking and driving in Port
Moresby, Papua New Guinea. International Conference on Asian Road Safety, Beijing, 29 - 31
October 1996. (PA3193/96) (TRL)
JACOBS, G D AND S KIRK (1996).
Safety problems in developing countries. International Conference on Asian Road Safety,
Beijing,
28 - 31 October 1996. (PA3192/96) (TRL)
LAWRANCE C J, R J RICKSON and J E
CLARK (1996). The effect of grass roots on the shear strength of colluvial soils in Nepal.
British Geomorphological Research Group Meeting, September 1996. (PA3095/95) (TRL)
MAUNDER, D A C and T C MBARA
(1996). Liberalisation of Urban Public Transport Services: What are the implications?
Indian Journal of Transport Management Vol. 20 No.2 February 1996. (PA3108/95) (TRL)
McKINNON, B and W HEATH (1996). The
analysis of earthwork and slope deterioration from aerial photographs. Second Caribbean
Conference on Natural Hazards and Disasters, Jamaica, 9-12 October 1996. (PA3131/96) (TRL)
MILES, D (1995). International
experience in developing private sector infrastructure capacity. Annual Conference of the
Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP), Detroit, October 1995. (Loughborough
University)
MILES, D (1996). Promoting small
contractors in Lesotho: privatisation in practice. ICE Civil Engineering ISSN 0965-089-X
(Loughborough University)
MILES, D (1996). The
Client/Contractor Relationship in Labour-based Construction and Maintenance. Fifth
ILO/ASIST Regional Seminar, Accra, April 1996. (ASIST)
MILES, D (1995). Training across
boundaries: Promoting international small enterprise development. Cross Cultural
Management: An International Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1995, pp 39-46 (Loughborough
University)
ROLT, J, M S HASIM, M HAMEED and Z
SUFFIAN (1996). The prediction and treatment of reflection cracking in thin bituminous
overlays. Second Malaysian Road Conference '96, Innovations in Road Building, Kuala
Lumpur, 10-13 June 1996. (PA3174/96) (TRL)
SUFFIAN Z, H R SMITH and W G FORD
(1996). The benefits of using chip seals in Malaysia. Second Malaysian Road Conference
'96, Innovations in Road Building, Kuala Lumpur, 10-13 June 1996. (PA3175/96) (TRL)
TAYLOR, G (1996). Force Account or Contractors? A Comparison of Kenya and Ghana. Fifth
ILO/ASIST Regional Seminar, Accra, April 1996. (ASIST)
WOOTTON, J and G D JACOBS (1996).
Safe roads: A dream or a reality? International Transport Conference, Dubai, 15-18 January
1996. (PA3184/96) (TRL)
For copies of the above
publications, please contact the relevant organisation, indicated in brackets.
NEWSLETTER
EDITORS
Transport
Linda Parsley, Overseas Centre,
Transport Research Laboratory, Old Wokingham Road, Crowthorne, Berks RG45 6AU, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1344 770551 Fax: +44 (0)1344 770719
Email: lparsley@trl.co.uk
Earthworks
Dr John Bennett, British Geological
Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)115 936 3465 Fax: +44 (0)115 936 3474
Email: j.bennett@bgs.ac.uk
Energy Efficiency
Dr Andrew Gilchrist, ETSU, Harwell,
Oxon OX11 ORA, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1235 433589 Fax: +44 (0)1235 433727
Email: andy.gilchrist@aeat.co.uk
Urbanisation
Dr Andrew Cotton, Water, Energy and
Development Centre, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1509 222885 Fax: +44 (0)1509 211079
Email: wedc@lut.ac.uk
Water
Geoff Pearce, Overseas Development
Unit, HR Wallingford, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BA, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1491 835381 Fax: +44 (0)1491 826352
Email: odunit@hrwallingford.co.uk
CONTACT
ADDRESSES
Ashgate Publishing Limited - Gower
House, Croft Road, Aldershot, Hants GU11 3HR, UK.
ASIST - Information Services and
Training, PO Box 60598, Nairobi, Kenya. Fax: +254 2 566234
E-mail: ilo/asist.nairobi@arso.sasa.unep.no
School of Civil Engineering, The
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Fax: +44 (0) 121 414 3675
The British Council (Oxford) - 1
Beaumont Place, Oxford OX1 2PJ. UK, Tel: +44 (0)1865 316636
Fax: +44 (0)1865 557368/516590.
Crown Agents - St Nicholas House,
St Nicholas Road, Sutton, Surrey SM1 1EL, UK. Fax: +44 (0) 181 7707448
Institute of Development
Engineering, Loughborough University of Technology, LE11 3TU, UK.
Fax: +44 (0) 1509 211079
ODA - 94 Victoria Street, London
W1E 5JL, UK.
Fax: +44 (0)171 917 0072
PIARC BNC - Room 4/55, St
Christopher House, Southwark Street, London SE1 OTE, UK. Fax: +44 (0)171 921 4505
Routledge - 11 New Fetter Lane,
London EC4P 4EE, UK.
Transport Research Laboratory - Old
Wokingham Road, Crowthorne, Berkshire RG45 6AU, UK.
Fax: +44 (0)1344 770719
Department of Engineering,
University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. Fax:+44 (0) 1203 418922
The World Bank - 1818 H Street N.W., Washington DC 20433, USA. Fax: +1 202 522 1500
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