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- FOREWORD
- by Mr P W H Roberts, Deputy Chief
Engineering Advisor, DFID
- LIVELIHOODS OF POOR PEOPLE
- WHAT CONTRIBUTION SHOULD TRANSPORT
MAKE?
The
Challenge
The British Government's White Paper on International Development
(November 1997) underlined a commitment to the elimination of poverty
in line with internationally agreed development targets. In response
to this challenge DFID has confirmed that its aim is to eliminate
poverty in poorer countries. This aim is supported by three main
objectives:
- Policies
and actions which promote Sustainable Livelihoods
- Better
education, health and opportunities for poor people
- Protection
and better management of the natural and physical environment
- The
Response
Action will be underpinned by working to establish transparent partnerships
as a basis for country development assistance programmes and by
seeking to influence and collaborate with
international organisations, other development agencies and non-governmental
organisations.
DFID expect to strengthen the design and delivery of assistance
programmes by
encouraging more coherent and consistent approaches. Of these the
Sustainable Livelihoods approach should be particularly useful for
targeting poor people's needs. This is centred on people and their
assets and seeks to identify strategies by which they can sustainably
enhance their livelihoods through better access to basic needs and
opportunities.
Transport Sector Role
Against this background, DFID's work in the transport sector continues
a long-term commitment to encourage basic efficiency through supporting
effective maintenance and operation of physical assets in response
to actual or latent demand. Although progress is being made, in
many of the least developed countries losses remain huge as a result
of inadequate maintenance of infrastructure and operation of services.
DFID focuses on encouraging policy to allocate resources efficiently
and building local capacity for effective implementation.
Improving the efficiency of the transport sector is an important
contribution to delivering sustainable development. However, this
will not necessarily result in benefit for poor people. So DFID
is complementing this support for sector efficiency with increased
focus on the role of physical access and transport in people's lives,
particularly for those who are poor. This requires a holistic understanding
of priorities and opportunities at the community level and the sustainable
livelihoods approach offers scope for developing this in both the
rural and urban contexts.
A workshop to discuss these issues was held at DFID on 29 March
1999 and is separately reported.
DIARY
OF FORTHCOMING EVENTS
May
1999
7th International Conference on Low Volume Roads
23-27 May 1999, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Contact: G.P.Jayaprakash, Transportation Research Board
Tel: +1 202 334 2952
Fax: +1 202 334 2003
Email: gjayapra@nas.edu
June-July
1999
2nd European Road Research Conference, Brussels
7 to 9 June 1999
Contact : Mr R Addis, TRL
Tel: +44 (0) 1344 770241
Fax: +44 (0) 1344 770356
Email: raddis@trl.co.uk
Road Management for Senior Engineers
14 to 25 June 1999, Worthing ,UK.
Course organised by Crown Agents
Contact: David Mulvagh
Tel: +44 (0) 1903 234444
Fax: +44 (0) 1903 212622
Management of Appropriate Technology in the Road Sector
21 to 25 June 1999, TRL, Crowthorne, Berkshire, Course organised by
TRL and Intech Associates
Contact: Linda Parsley, TRL
Tel: +44 (0) 1344 770551
Fax +44 (0) 1344 770356.
Email: lparsley@trl.co.uk
TRL Roads and Transport in Developing Countries and Emerging Nations
28 June to 9 July 1999 TRL, Crowthorne, Berkshire,
Course organised by TRL
Contact: Linda Parsley, TRL
Balancing the Load: a fair deal for women
24 to 25 June 1999, Colombo, Sri Lanka
15 to 16 July 1999, Pretoria, South Africa
Seminar organised by: IFRTD Secretariat
Contact: Priyanthi Fernando
Tel: +44 (0) 171 278 3670:
Fax: +44 (0) 171 278 6880
Email: ifrtd@gn.apc.org.
Web: http://www.gn.apc.org/ifrtd
August-September
1999
CAPSA '99: 7th Conference on Asphalt Pavements for Southern Africa
29 August 1999 to 2 September 1999, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Contact:
Secretary, CAPSA '99
Tel: +27 21 21 2577
Fax: +27 21 25 1279.
E mail: sabita@iafrica.com
5th International Conference on Urban Transport & the Environment
for the 21st Century
8 to 10 September 1999, Rhodes, Greece
Contact: Sally Radford, Wessex Institute of Technology
Tel: +44 (0) 1703 293223.
Fax: +44 (0) 1703 292853
Email: sradford@wessex.ac.uk
October
1999
21st World Road Congress, PIARC
October 3 to 9, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Conference organised by: 21st World Road Congress
Email piarc99@hq.jkr.gov.my
- November
1999
The Managing and Financing of Rural Transport
15 to 26 November 1999, Pretoria, South Africa
Course organised by: TRL
Contact: Linda Parsley, TRL
- DFID
TRANSPORT NEWSLETTER AND KAR PROJECT DETAILS NOW ON THE INTERNET
- From
April 1999 all DFID Transport Newsletters can be found on the TRL
Website along with summaries of all DFID Technology Development
and Research (TDR) and Knowledge and Research (KAR) projects dating
from 1995. Approximately 70 transport-related summaries are indexed
according to KAR themes and presented in a standard format. This
facility will improve dissemination of the research results and
enable interested parties access to contact details of project managers
- DFID
NEWSLETTER
- The
TRL Web site address for DFID Newsletter and KAR information is
as follows:
- www.trl.co.uk/dfid/dfid-kar-transport.htm
- The
DFID World Wide Web Hope Page can be found at:
- www.dfid.gov.uk
From
April 5, 1999, Engineering Division of DFID is renamed Infrastructure
and Urban Development Division
To
optimise the dissemination process, it is important that this newsletter
is reaching the right people . Please inform the editor of changes
in address details or if you no longer want to remain on the mailing
list.
ROAD
RESEARCH IN INDONESIA
The
project was the third phase of a World Bank funded technical assistance
programme aimed at establishing IRE as a highly capable road research
centre. It was closely linked with DFID funded research studies and
IRE's own Government of Indonesia funded research programme. The project
implemented an improved quality management approach for research and
staff development
including workshops, seminars and lectures. The project team included
TRL specialists and
professionals from TRL's local partner, Yodya Karya, with substantial
support and commitment from IRE. Key achievements are outlined below.
Pavement
Engineering
Most of Indonesia's roads have asphalt surfacings, many of which suffer
early failure through plastic deformation. Field and laboratory studies
resulted in the identification of the cause of the failures and a
new specification for deformation resistant surfacings was produced.
Development of road surfacing deterioration models also contributed
to the calibration and evaluation of HDM 4 for Indonesian conditions.
Geotechnical
Engineering
Indonesia's planners wish to improve and extend the road network particularly
in the nation's remote eastern part, requiring knowledge of the availability
and cost of construction materials. A national materials database
system was developed and introduced by means of training programmes
to all the 26 provinces of the country. As Indonesia is a relatively
mountainous country, slope failures are commonplace and can be catastrophic.
Earthquakes exacerbate the problem. A database system was developed
to improve the design and maintenance of road slopes and advice given
on locally developed measures to improve slope stability.
Bridges
Engineering
A general review of the condition of Indonesian bridges was conducted
to highlight aspects of bridge performance. There are approximately
88,000 bridges in Indonesia which are a critical component in terms
of traffic flow. The main research undertaken concerned the corrosivity
of steel bridges, focusing on steel pipe piles in bridge sub-structures,
the breakdown of galvanising on members of truss bridges and the development
of coating specifications for new and existing bridges. Other bridge-related
studies concerned the quality of concrete used, a review of testing
and assessment techniques, their deterioration rates and evaluation
of options for rehabilitation.
Transport
Economics
The modelling of vehicle operating costs for road project appraisal
was a key focus. The three components were: fuel consumption under
congested conditions, the relationship between vehicle maintenance
costs and road roughness and an appreciation of the passenger value
of time. The third study was focused on car and bus occupants.It found
that although wide income ranges of car occupants occurred, it was
possible to derive relationships between income levels and the value
of time using stated preference techniques. These were consistent
with surveys carried out in
countries in the developed world.
Safety
and Environment
An examination of accidents in Indonesia highlighted the serious under
reporting of injury accidents with a corrected figure about 13 times
higher than the official figure for 1996. A programme to train
the Police in the sustained use of the Microcomputer Accident Analysis
Package (MAAP) was
undertaken. MAAP accident data were used to identify and investigate
nine black spot sites in Java. It was found that motorcycle and pedestrian
casualties were high and public transport vehicles were often involved.
Engineering measures applied to 3 black spot sites in Bandung showed
reductions in accidents of about 70%. Guidelines were produced and
a workshop held on the optimum engineering solutions for Indonesia
For
further information contact Mr Andrew Downing of TRL.
Tel: +44 (0) 1344 770303. Fax: +44 (0) 1344 770719
Email: adowning@trl.co.uk
DFID Projects Reference R5591 'Transport planning road investment
modelling: R6885: 'Improved vehicle maintenance cost relationships':
R6472 'HDM tools, phase 2.
R5612 Bituminous materials - their improvement and use for road building.
Theme Objective: T2
AVAILABILITY
OF RURAL TRANSPORT SERVICES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Poor
communications and access to essential social and economic facilities
remains a major factor contributing to rural poverty in the developing
world, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Previous
research has highlighted the high cost of rural transport services
as well as the infrequent and unreliable nature of these services.
The purpose of this DFID funded project is to determine the impacts
of poor transport services on rural communities, to find the reasons
for poor service and to make recommendations on how planning for these
essential services can be improved. A key output from the project
will be a measure of how high transport charges impact on the demand
for travel by poor people.
Surveys
have been undertaken in Ghana and Malawi, in collaboration with the
Building and Road Research Institute of Ghana, the Department of Planning
of the University of Science and Technology, Kumasi and the Rural
Travel and Transport Programme of the Government of Malawi, Department
of District and Local Government Administration.
Data
were collected from several districts by means of questionnaires and
participatory exercises. Preliminary results show that the cost and
provision of rural transport is closely related to district population
density. Generally, districts with higher population densities have
lower passenger fares and goods charges, shorter passenger waiting
times and a higher frequency of vehicles serving the
villages. In Ghana, however, there are large differences in fares
between districts which cannot be explained by population density
alone. Instead they reflect price variations in the country set by
the transport union.
Recommendations
will include:
- more
emphasis could be given to planning transport services
- local
pressure groups could influence operators more
- unions
could interfere less in price setting
- greater
competition could exist between operators
- greater
support could be given to operators servicing low demand areas
For
further information contact: Dr Simon Ellis of TRL
Tel: +44 (0) 1344 770552 Fax: +44 (0) 1344 770356 Email: sdellis@trl.co.uk
DFID Project Reference: R6884: 'Availability of rural transport services'
Theme Objective: T3
- GUIDELINES
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRACTOR BASED CONTRACTORS
- Projects
in a number of countries have shown that agricultural tractors can
be used to carry out a range of roadworks activities at lower costs
than traditional heavy civil engineering plant and for a fraction
of the capital investment. This is particularly important for small
enterprises in developing countries with limited capital or restricted
access to credit.
- It
is possible for small local contractors to carry out most paved
and unpaved road construction and maintenance work using a combination
of agricultural tractors, simple low-cost attachments and
local labour. Tractors represent the 'middle path' between
heavy plant and pure labour methods. Although tractor technology
is already well established in many developing countries the tendency
to focus on single sector use of tractors has previously severely
constrained their cost-effective application.
- Guidelines
are being developed to assist project promoters, planners and implementers
to adopt a cross-sector approach to help the establishment of tractor-based
contractors serving the the complementary rural infrastructure sectors
of roads, agriculture and water supply. This will enable contractors
to achieve low unit costs and good value for clients though high
equipment utilisation when compared to heavy equipment and single
sector government organisations and contractors.
- The
guidelines, which will be available later in 1999, cover aspects
of market and contractor assessment, development of contractor capacity
and creation of an 'enabling' environment to achieve a sustainable
local private sector capacity to the benefit of contractors, clients
and the rural population.
- For
further information contact: Mr Robert Petts of Intech Associates
- Tel:
+44 (0)1372 454072 Fax: +44 (0)1372 458955 Email rob@intech-consult.demon.co.uk
- DFID
Project Reference: R6477:'The establishment of small scale transport
contractors'
- Theme
objective:T3
RELEASE
OF HDM-4 IMMINENT
The
Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Model (HDM-III), developed
by the World Bank, has been used for over two decades to combine technical
and economic appraisals of road investment projects, and to analyse
strategies and standards for road network maintenance and improvements.
An international study (ISOHDM) was set up in August 1993 to develop
the successor to HDM-III by four main sponsors: the UK Department
for International Development (DFID), the World Bank (IBRD), the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) and the Swedish National Roads Administration
(SNRA). This has resulted in the Highway Development and Management
Tools (HDM-4), which is due for public release later in 1999.
The
scope of HDM-4 has been broadened considerably. Road deterioration
models now cover a wider range of pavement types (e.g. concrete) and
road user effects models have been updated to reflect the vast improvements
in vehicle technology. Although most applications of HDM-III have
been in developing countries, many industrialised countries have begun
to use the model. As a result, the effects of traffic congestion,
non-motorised traffic, road safety, cold climates and environmental
issues are now included as new models.The three main areas of application
for HDM-4 are project, programme and strategy analysis. Project analysis
provides essentially the same capabilities as in HDM-III, whereas
the programme and strategy analysis applications are new additional
capabilities in HDM-4. Programme analysis is concerned with the preparation
of rolling work programmes in which candidate road investment options
are identified and selected, subject to resource constraints. Strategic
planning is concerned with the analysis of a chosen network as a whole,
typically requiring the preparation of long term planning estimates
of expenditure for road
development and conservation under various budgetary and economic
scenarios.
Further information on HDM-4 can be obtained from
HDM-4 Secretariat at PIARC
Tel: +33-1-47968121 Fax: +33-1-49000202
e-mail: piarc.hdm4@ibm.net
web page: http//www.piarc.lcpc.fr/hdm4/hindex-e.htm
ISOHDM
Technical Secretariat at University of Birmingham
Tel: +44-121-414-6717 Fax: +44-121-414-3675
e-mail: isohdm@bham.ac.uk
web page: http//www.bham.ac.uk/isohdm
HDM-4
study at TRL (contact Dr Greg Morosiuk)
Tel: +44-1344-770036 Fax: +44-1344-770719
e-mail: gmorosiuk@trl.co.uk
DFID
Projects Reference R 6472: 'International study: highway development
and management tools
(Phase II)': R 6486: 'Development of environmental impacts and energy
balance models for HDM 4'
Themes
Objectives:E3 & T2
PLANNING
AND INVESTMENT MODELLING
A
wide ranging DFID-funded research project exploring ways to improve
the procedures for carrying out investment appraisal of road projects
and to provide easily used tools for implementation, has been completed
by TRL
Models
such as HDM and RTIM are regularly used to appraise billions of dollars
of expenditure on road investment and maintenance and it is essential
that they deliver accurate predictions and outputs. Improved information
would enable transporters and transport planners to reduce vehicle-operating
costs in their countries, as well as to improve the allocation of
funds
Data
relating to vehicle operating costs, traffic counting and road roughness
from numerous developing countries were collected and analysed. One
of the interesting results was a wide variation in the relationship
between vehicle maintenance costs and road roughness data for different
countries. However, using country specific parameters, data could
be fitted to the same model form.
In
addition, factors influencing rural travel were investigated in Kenya.
This provided comprehensive information on travel purpose and elasticities
of travel behaviour with respect to income and fares. Stated preference
surveys were carried out in Indonesia which indicated consistent values
of time for different income groups. Studies were also completed on
the variability of traffic flow on low volume roads and on the development
of the MERLIN road roughness
calibration machine.
A
new contract has recently been awarded by DFID to investigate the
wide differences in sensitivity of vehicle maintenance costs to road
condition, which should further improve the effectiveness and accuracy
of the road investment and planning models.
For further information contact John Hine, TRL
Tel: +44 (0) 1344 770227 Fax: +44 (0) 1344 773131 E-Mail: jhine@trl.co.uk
DFID
Project Reference: R5591
'Transport Planning: Road Investment Modelling'
Theme Objective: T2
CURRENT
DFID FUNDED KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH (KAR) PROJECTS
Colour
codes:
Current Projects
New Projects
THEME
T1
(Reduce accidents and increase road safety in rural and urban areas)
Accident recording, investigation and
evaluation systems (R6883), TRL: Mr C
J Baguley.
UK support and in country training provided for existing and new users
of MAAP for sustainability in the least advanced countries. Training
to develop accident investigation skills. Under reporting to be investigated
using hospital records.
Safety
and road worthiness: assessing urban and rural public transport
(R6888), TRL: Mr T C Pearce.
Assess the scale of the problem resulting from accidents and the effect
of varying maintenance practices on bus fleets' roadworthiness. Role
of vehicle usage and design in bus
accidents will be studied and recommendations developed for safer
travel.
Road
safety education in developing country schools and communities
(R6890), TRL: Mr I Sayer.
Development of road safety education materials and teaching methods
that bring about improved road safety knowledge and attitudes by young
road users in schools and community groups in developing countries.
Cost
and safety design of rural roads in developing countries
(R6891), TRL: Mr C J Baguley.
Aspects of rural highway design identified that optimise costs and
safety; detailed design manual drafted; lookup tables relevant to
models such as HDM generated. Manual published and in country seminars
conducted.
Development
of an urban road safety management approach.
(R tba), TRL. Mr A J Downing.
To introduce effective urban safety management approaches targeted
at vulnerable countries in Asia and S.E. Asia
THEME T2
(Reduce the costs of constructing, rehabilitating and maintaining
road infrastructure and vehicle operations)
The
design of stabilised sub-bases for very heavy traffic
(R6027), TRL: Mr M J O'Connell.
To develop material specifications for stabilised sub-base layers
suitable for roads in extreme tropical climates and with very high
traffic loads to improve the performance of roads and reduce whole
life costs.
Longer
life road surfacing using bitumen modifiers
(R6473), TRL: Mr H R Smith.
Develop recommendations for the use of bitumen modifiers in asphalt
and surface dressings which inhibit premature cracking associated
with high temperatures and high levels of radiation in tropical environments
Recycling
of bituminous road materials (R6474),
TRL: Mr H R Smith.
To establish methodologies which will allow damaged bituminous materials
to be recovered and modified for re-use in road structures.
Promoting
the use of volcanic ash, a natural pozzolan
(R6841), TRL: Mr M J O'Connell.
Use of volcanic ash for the construction of major civil engineering
works to alleviate the damage caused by recent volcanic eruptions,
develop road and building technology and promote commercial ventures.
Low
cost structures for rural roads: A field manual
(R6851), Loughborough University: Mr D W J Miles.
Preparation of a practical field manual to encourage local engineers
and contractors to utilise local labour, skills and materials more
effectively in the construction of low cost and readily maintainable
structures on rural and urban roads.
Appropriate
and efficient maintenance of rural feeder roads (R6852),
Roughton International: Mr M J Carr.
An assessment and maintenance method will be developed for gravel
rural feeder roads using simple, affordable, yet novel techniques.
The result will promote appropriate technology and practice so maximising
efficiency.
Promoting
the use of lower cost marginal materials
(R6887), TRL: Mr M J O'Connell.
Guidelines promoting the use of low cost marginal materials in the
road industry. Using existing research where possible these will identify
suitable applications for the use of such materials and warn of the
associated risks.
Transferring
road maintenance into the private sector
(R6889), TRL: Mr C Parkman.
Critical assessment of the extent and nature of the adoption of contract
road maintenance procedures and the factors governing the successful
transfer of road maintenance into the private sector, to inform agency
policy.
Secondary
compaction of bituminous materials (R6892),
TRL: Mr H R Smith.
Develop a method of assessing the susceptibility of bituminous mixes
to secondary compaction under heavy traffic for use in the design
of road surfacings which are more durable and
resistant to plastic deformation.
Benefits
of structured highway and earthwork maintenance
(R6893), TRL: Mr W Heath.
Assess the benefit of applying maintenance programmes based on a number
of identified key factors that at present contribute to the poor maintenance
of mountainous roads. Full scale trials will be monitored using TRL's
ECAT techniques. Guidelines will be produced.
Management
guidelines and performance models for unpaved roads
(R6895), TRL: Mr T Toole.
Provide management guidelines on unpaved roads and motorable tracks
for use by senior engineers and planners and new road performance
models for incorporation into HDM4 aimed at improved access quality
on rural roads and increased use of local resources.
Innovative
compaction technology for low volume roads (R6896),
TRL: Mr P A K Greening.
Development of methods to improve compaction and performance of materials
for low-volume, low-cost and labour based sealed roads.
Dense
bituminous surfacing for developing countries: A guide
(R6897), TRL: Mr C R Jones.
Produce a guide describing the design and construction of dense bituminous
surfacings in tropical climates. It will be targeted at engineers
in the developing world and enable them to supervise the construction
of improved surfacings.
Guidelines
on the selection and use of road construction materials (R6898),
TRL: Mr M J O'Connell.
Production and dissemination of a new Overseas Road note containing
concise but comprehensive advice on the sampling and testing of granular
materials and soils for the construction and rehabilitation of roads
in the developing world.
Optimisation
of cuts in residual soils (R7114), University
of Birmingham: Prof. M. Snaith.
A procedure for the design of cuttings in areas with lightly cemented
or residual soils to facilitate efficient resource management by reducing
construction and maintenance costs and environmental impact on the
local community.
Improved
vehicle maintenance cost relationships
(R tba), TRL. Mr J L Hine.
Improved user cost models for calculating road expenditure and more
efficient vehicle maintenance and operating policies adopted on a
widespread basis.
Appropriate
surfacings for low volume roads (R tba),
TRL. Mr W G Ford.
To develop and implement labour based technology for surfacing low
volume roads.
Reducing
whole life costs: environmentally optimised designs (R
tba), TRL Dr C S Gourley.
A new framework for road design that recognises the transient inter-relationship
and influence of all environmental control parameters.
THEME T3
(Improve the availability of cost-effective transport for the rural
and urban poor, including public transport and non-motorised modes)
Barriers
to the availability of cost-effective transport (R6886),
TRL: Mr G Gardner.
Provide a methodology for an Urban Transport Audit to rapidly assess
a city's ability to introduce cost-effective transport systems. Determine
where blockages are occurring that prevent the use of low cost appropriate
traffic and safety measures.
Policy
toolkit for increased rural mobility (R
tba), TRL Mr J L Hine.
Working framework and procedures for identification of measures and
policies to increase rural mobility implemented on a widespread basis.
Spot
improvements: an acceptable engineering alternative
(R tba), TRL Dr C S Gourley.
To promote spot improvement approaches on rural roads and access tracks
by introducing appropriate engineering tools, procedures and practice
manuals for district engineers.
Field
manual: construction and improvement of paths and tracks (R
tba), I T Transport, Mr G Taylor.
To produce a manual which will be used in the field by NGOs, technical
assistance personnel, local communities and local government staff
in constructing, improving and maintaining paths and tracks.
THEME T4
(Increase the efficiency of national and regional transport systems).
Road
planning, funding and funds allocation (R6894),
TRL: Mr J L Hine.
Identify the main constraints preventing the efficient planning and
funding of the road network, in particular procedural conflicts and
institutional limitations. Innovative funding and management methods
eg, DBFO and BOT will be explored.
Decentralisation
of road administration (R tba), R Robinson
& Engineering for Development. Dr R Robinson. Appropriate decentralisation
of tertiary road administration that achieves effectiveness and efficiency
of management arrangements to meet the transport needs of the rural
poor.
DESIGNING
CONCRETE MIXES USING LOCAL MATERIALS
The
objectives of this project are to propose practical guidance on how
to produce durable concrete in rural environments using local materials.
It is intended to be an aid to design engineers and site foremen.
'Local
materials' is a term used to describe aggregates, cement and water
which may fail to meet the requirements of the normal standards used
to control their quality. Ideally materials complying with the standards
would be used but this can sometimes be impractical or prohibitively
expensive.The results of the research indicate that local materials
can often be used to make good concrete providing mix proportioning
and production is carefully monitored. It is important to produce
trial mixes and to ensure that the quality of the local materials
used is at least consistent and that if there are changes in the supply
of the materials then further trial mixes should be prepared and tested.
Examples of local materials tested in the research include crushed
brick, cement incorporating rice husk ash, and waste water.
The
work is related to mass and reinforced concrete of low to medium strength
suitable for most applications except prestressed concrete and pavement
concrete where higher quality materials and technology are necessary.
For further information contact:
Dr Graham Tilley of Gifford & Partners
Tel: +44 (0) 1703 813461
Email: studies@giffeng.co.uk
DFID Project Reference R6235 'Manual of concrete design using local
materials'
Theme Objective: G4
WORKSHOP
ON LIVELIHOOD OF POOR PEOPLE
On
29 March, 1999 the Engineering Division of DFID held a one day workshop
entitled "Livelihoods of Poor People - What contribution should
transport make?" The workshop provided an opportunity to bring
together UK expertise from outside DFID in order to take stock of
current knowledge, identify gaps and suggest ways in which they could
be addressed. Presentations were made on the following topics:
- transport
and sustainable urban livelihoods
- the
impact of transport safety on livelihoods, and
- transport,
public-private partnerships and sustainable rural livelihoods
Lively
discussion took place within 'breakout groups' dealing with urban
and rural issues and the day ended with a plenary session chaired
by, Deputy Chief Engineering Advisor Peter Roberts, who
suggested that the results of the workshop would lead to the strengthening
of collaboration on
livelihood issues with other agencies. DFID's future KAR programme
would clearly address livelihood aspects and country programmes to
assist sustainable livelihoods would reflect many of the issues raised.
This is highlighted in the Foreword on page 2.
For further information contact: Mr Peter Roberts, DFID.
GLOBAL
BUSINESS PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
The
World Bank and other international bodies such as the United Nations
and the Red Cross together with DFID have recently established a Global
Business Partnership for Development (GBPD) in the Road Safety sector
of developing countries. This initiative follows the setting up of
similar partnerships in the natural resources, water and sanitation,
and youth development sectors.
The objectives of the GBPD are to co-ordinate road safety throughout
the developing world and seek support and funding from the private
sector. DFID are supporting the initiative by funding Ross Silcock
Ltd to co-ordinate and organise international support through workshops
held recently in Stuttgart (hosted by Daimler-Chrysler) and Washington
(World Bank).
For further information contact: Goff Jacobs TRL
Tel: +44 (0) 1344 770943
Fax: +44 (0) 1344 770880
E-mail: gjacobs@trl.co.uk
BOOK
REVIEWS
Sustainable
Rural Livelihoods: what contribution can we make?
Edited by Diana Carney
Published by DFID, Russell Press Ltd, Nottingham. 1998
This
book launches DFID's new non-sectoral approach to rural development.
Its introductory chapter provides guidelines for development practitioners,
communicated in the form of work-in-progress, indicating where the
methodology, policies and operational aspects of policy implementation,
have yet to be defined. The following four chapters raise key issues,
some of which may pose obstacles to the emerging approach. The final
eight chapters examine concrete 'entry points' where the approach
is applicable. Since the 1980s, 'survival strategies', 'coping strategies'
and now 'livelihood strategies' have become part of development terminology,
reflecting the thinking of rural people who are finding it difficult
to make ends meet. What marks a departure in DFI'S current 'sustainable
rural livelihoods' (SRL) approach is that rural dwellers' attempts
to diversify their income sources are now not only acknowledged but
facilitated by donors. The long-prevailing rural agricultural bias
of donors is being revised.
Where
does transport fit into this? The approach emphasises the importance
of collecting baseline information about the capital asset holdings
of groups in the donor-targeted areas. People's
mobility and transport accessibility are considered to be part of
their 'physical capital'. Yet, DFID's stated objective of better access
to facilitating infrastructure investment (p.12), like roads,
naturally tends to be large and sectoral in nature, somewhat out of
step with the new non-sectoral programme aims. Chapters 4 and 5 by
Ellis and Tacoli emphasise the importance of mobility for pursuing
multiple livelihoods, and it is indeed in this respect that rethinking
transport investment may be pivotal to the new approach. Improving
access to the means of transport may become just as important as transport
infrastructure in resolving local people's mobility problems. Many
rural dwellers' mobility requirements increasingly take them outside
of the rural context. Will the
area-based rural focus of the SRL approach be able to accommodate
a mixed rural-urban focus?
Reviewed by Deborah Bryceson, African Studies Centre, Leiden
- RECENT
PUBLICATIONS
- BOOKS
- DFID.
(1998) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, What contribution can we make?
Edited by Diana Carney.Published by DFID, London ISBN 1 86192 082,
pp 213
REPORTS
OVERSEAS ROAD NOTE 15
TRL (1998). Guidelines for the design and operation of road management
systems. (£15) (TRL)
PAPERS
FOURACRE, P R (1999) Taking the bus industry into the 21st Century.
6th International Seminar, Chartered Institute of Transport in Sri
Lanka, February 1999. (PA3453/99) (TRL)
JACOBS,
G D and A ASTROP (1998). A strategy to drive effective urban transport
safety
programmes within emerging economies. Conference on Urban Transport
Development and Finance in Developing and Developed Countries, December
1998. Berlin. (PA3406/98) (TRL)
KERALI,
H.R. and MANNISTO, V. 'Prioritisation Methods for Strategic Planning
and Road Work Programming in HDM-4'. 78th Annual Meeting, Transportation
Research Board, Washington DC, January 1999. (University of Birmingham)
KERALI,
H.R., J.B. ODOKI, D.C. WIGHTMAN and E.E.STANNARD. 'Structure of Highway
Development and Management Tool: HDM-4'. Fourth International Conference
on Managing Pavement, Durban, South Africa, Vol 2, May 1998. (pp 961-973)
(University of Birmingham).
KERALI,
H.R., and M.S. SNAITH. 'Applications of HDM-4 in Road Management'.
Proceedings, International Conference on Pavement Management in China,
Beijing, China, April 1998 (University of Birmingham).
ODOKI,
J.B. and KERALI, H.R.. 'Modelling Non-Motorised Transport in HDM-4'.
78th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC,
January 1999. (University of Birmingham)
WAMBURA, J, J MAINA and H SMITH (1999). Kenya asphaltic materials
study. 78th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, 10 -
14 January 1999. Washington D.C. (PA3438/99) (TRL)
WOODBRIDGE,
M E, P J BEAVEN, J R COOK and N MOESTOFA (1999). Development and Implementation
of a construction materials information system. Seventh International
Conference on Low-Volume Roads, 23 - 26 May, 1999, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. (PA 3449/90) (TRL)
WOODBRIDGE,
M E (1999) Using soft limestone for roadbase construction in Belize,
Central America. Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume Roads,
23 - 26 May, 1999, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
(PA3450/99) (TRL)
For
copies of the above publications,please contact the relevant organisation
- indicated in brackets
*
Limited numbers of TRL publications are free of charge to nationals
from developing countries.
N.B.
It was erroneously stated in Issue 7 that World Bank publications
are free of charge. Prices can be obtained on application to the Bank.
HOW
GOOD ARE TRL'S PUBLICATIONS?
TRL
has for many years published Overseas Road Notes, manuals and guides
to provide
information on its research as practical everyday tools for engineers
and planners.
TRL are now seeking to evaluate these publications. Are they up-to-date,
value for money and an appropriate format for disseminating research
findings? Is the current method of providing
publications in hard copy format the most appropriate and cost-effective
way of distributing the
information to those who need it (with the increasing use and availability
of electronic format and access)?
To
try to answer these questions, a questionnaire is enclosed with this
newsletter (together with a list of the current ORN's and their prices).
We would be grateful if you could spare a few minutes to
complete and mail it back to TRL. It will provide essential information
to enable decisions to be made on the role and methods for information
dissemination in the future.
NEWSLETTER
EDITORS
Transport
Ms Linda Parsley, International Development Unit, Transport Research
Laboratory, Old Wokingham Road, Crowthorne, Berks RG45 6AU, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1344 770551 Fax: +44 (0)1344 770719
Email: lparsley@trl.co.uk
- Earthworks
Dr David Greenbaum, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham
NG12 5GG, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)115 936 3224 Fax: +44 (0)115 936 3474
Email: d.greenbaum@bgs.ac.uk
- Web
site: www.bgs.ac.uk/dfid-kar-geoscience/
- Energy
Efficiency
Dr Andrew Gilchrist, ETSU, Harwell, Oxon OX11 ORA, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1235 433589 Fax: +44 (0)1235 433727
Email: andy.gilchrist@aeat.co.uk
- Web
site: www.etsu.com/dfid-kar-energy/home.html
- Urbanisation
Dr Andrew Cotton, Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough
University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1509 222885
Fax: +44 (0)1509 211079
Email: wedc@lboro.ac.uk
- Web
site: www.lboro.ac.uk/garnet/urbankar/dfid-karurban.html
Water
Geoff Pearce, Overseas Development Unit, HR Wallingford, Howbery Park,
Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BA, UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1491 835381 Fax: +44 (0)1491 826352
Email: odunit@hrwallingford.co.uk
Web
site: www.hrwallingford.co.uk/projects/dfid-kar-water.html
CONTACT
ADDRESSES
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of Research and Standards, Department of Public Works and Highways,
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4362498
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UK. Fax: +44 (0)181 770 7448.
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